Elaborate and drawn out comparisons, in the manner of Homeric similes, are rare. The ḡazal is, however, held together by a robust formal frame made of a single quantitative, rhythmical meter, and a single rhyme throughout.Īs a line provides only a short space for the expression of a poetic idea, brevity and concision are the hallmark of the statements made in ḡazal lines. In the post-Hafezian era, this tendency became even more prevalent and many ḡazals were composed with a number of separate poetic strokes, each containing a different idea. With Hafez (circa 1320-1389), however, multiplicity of themes becomes prevalent (cf. Even in Saʿdi’s and Rumi’s ḡazals (13th century) this unity of subject, or at least the unity of mood, is often preserved. ![]() In earlier ḡazals, thematic unity is often observed throughout the poem. In a sense, one can say that each line of a ḡazal, or of a qaṣida (panegyric ode) for that matter, is often a short poem in which a poetic idea, theme, or motif is expressed, such as a description of the beloved’s beauty, a lament of the poet’s separation from the beloved, a praise of wine and inebriation, a description of a natural scene such as a garden, a satire of hypocrisy, or an allegory of the lover’s state. The Persian ḡazal, especially the Hafezian and the post-Hafezian, does not usually follow a sustained narrative, but consists of a number of lines and statements largely independent of each other. As a rule, each line contains a complete statement sometimes the entire poetic statement is contained in one hemistich, and the second hemistich is then used to either emphasize the idea expressed in the first hemistich, or reiterate it in a different way, or illustrate it, or to introduce a new idea, or else as mere padding to complete the meter. The unit of ḡazal, as in most other forms of Persian poetry, is a line ( beyt), which consists of two hemistiches ( meṣrāʿs) with a distinct caesura between the two. ![]() Persian love poetry is mostly embodied in a verse form called ḡazal, a short lyric poem of some seven to fourteen lines. ![]() This entry concentrates on the typical characteristics of the ḡazal and its peculiarities and conventions. The origins of the Persian ḡazal (ghazal, غزل), its development in the course of time and its formal features have been described in detail in ḠAZAL i.
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